Electron beam deflection circuits



April 8, 1958 R. w. SONNENFELDT 2,830,229

ELEcTRoN BEAM DEFLECTION CIRCUITS Filed July e. 1954 z sheets-sheet 1 if 275 fgf ABY ' April 8, 1958' w. soNNENFl-:LDT v2,830,229

ELECTRON BEAM DEFLECTION CIRCUITS Filed July 6, 1954 2. Sheets-Sheet 2 ELEcTRoN BEAM DEFLECTION CIRCUITS a Y Richard wolfgang sonnenklar, Haddonaeld, N J., asfY signor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application July 6, 1954, serial No. 141,536V

3 Claims. (Cl.V 315-27) The invention relates to electron beam deflection circuits and it particularly pertains to electron beam deection wave generators of improved stability and simplified construction for use in television receiving circuits.

In present television practice, the image is formed in the cathode ray tube by an electron beam which is deected to trace successive lines of a raster upon a iluorescent screen. Deection of this beam is accomplished magnetically by use of deflection'windings arranged in a yoke fitting around the neck of the cathode ray tube. A sawtooth wave of current is injected into the deflection yoke windings to produce a `magnetic field varying in sawtooth manner with respect to time. This sawtooth wave is usually obtained from a deflection circuit comprising a relaxation oscillator 4coupled to a power output tube and an output transformer. The relaxation oscillator is triggered by synchronizing pulses obtained from the received television signal to causean abrupt dischargev of a capacitor which is charged slowly through a resistive network. Such a relaxation oscillator is subject to spurious noise which may be picked up with the received signal and may include voltage pulses of suicient amplitude to drop the'oscillator out of synchronization.

An object of the invention is to provide an electron beam deflection circuit of simplified construction having improved stability and capable of driving a conventional' magnetic deflection yoke. Y

Another object of the vinvention is to provide such a circuit Acapable of linear beam deflection independently of the operating potential variations and of tube aging.

A further object of the invention is to provide an electron beam deflection oscillator circuit which can be automatically frequency controlled in response to a synchronizing pulse train.

Still another object of the invention is to provide an -electron beam sweep frequency oscillator having 'simp1i tied frequency and phase adjustingicontrolsthereby to potential and variations in tube characteristics due to.V

resultant wave to provide a substantially square wave I' signalrat the output of the driver tube. The output power amplifier tube is driven rapidly between anode current cutoff and anode currentrsaturation. The Ideflection wave` generator or sweep oscillator-thus constituted is extremely well stabilized in frequency dueto the presence of thev relatively high figure of merit or Q of the parallelv resonant circuit. The linearity of the sweep developed by` the generator according to the invention is very, largely determined by the duty cycle of the power amplifier and is substantially independent of the variations in operating aging. u n

Automatic frequency control of the deflection wave gen erator is obtained vaccording to the invention by applyin'gA pulses obtained at the output of the power amplifier .tube and'detlection synchronizing signal pulses of polarity op posite' to that of the deection pulse to a phase detecting comparator circuit coupled to an automatic Vcontrol (AFC) tube. The relative overlap/of these positive and negative pulse signals determines the degree of conduction of the AFC control tube, the output of which is coupledV Vby means of a lter network Vto the input Vof the driver tube of the electron beam deflection wave generator to' augmentthe bias thereat in accordance with the basic principles of the invention to synchronize the frequency of the electron beam deflection wave generatorpwith the synchronizing pulses. l'

In order that the invention may be more clearly under` stood andreadily put to practice an embodiment thereof will be described, by Way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing forming a part of the speci-' cation and in which: Y

Fig. 1 is a functional diagram `of an electron Y beam deflection wave generator according to the invention;`

t Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment ofthe' which deflection yoke coupling apparatus 15- is connected.

The deflection yoke of a cathoderay tube deection system is connected tothe coupling apparatus 15for excita- More particularly, the objects of the inventim ar'e fi.

deflection wave frequency and shock excited by thepulse C output of the power amplifier to produce a Vsine'wave. The output pulses and the sine Wave produced in 'response to thesepulses are mixed, in'proportions determined by a current controlling network, and'applied to the driver t-ub'e. The bias on the driver tube is adjusted to clip the tion in the usual manner but in and of itself does not formany'partof the circuit arrangement accordingto the invention. Energy from the output of the deflection yoke coupling apparatus 15 which is proportional toV that ap.'-v plied to the deflection yoke windings is applied to a sine wave generating circuit 17 which is tuned to the frequency of the electron beam deflecting wave. The sine wave produced by this stage 17 combined with the portion of drivingv the power amplifier circuit rapidly. from the Y blocked to the full current condition? The; linearity of the deflection wave produced is largely determined by the duty cycle of the power Yamplifier circuit as briey set* forth hereinbefore.

The electronY beam deflection-generatori() according?.Y

however, according to the invention Ythe generator-10 'is t z preferably synchronized by means-of a coincidence type 1 'fn "t 2,830,229 Ice Patented pr. 8, 1958.1j

. @teenage phase detector 20. This phase detector comprises a comparator circuit 21 to -which a synchronizingr pulseA train is applied at input terminals 23 together with the output pulse train from the deflection yoke coupling apparatus 1 5'. These twopulse trains are appliedv at substantially the same amplitude and in opposite polarityV so that the conduction' of an automatic frequency (AFC) control tube 25 is substantially proportional tothedegree of overlapjof the pulse from these'two pulse trains. A filter network 27 is coupled to the APCcontrol tube 25V to produce a direct current output which is applied to the driver circuit 11 to augment the bias thereon. `The change' in bias brought about by the AFC circuit 29 tends to vary the duty cycle of the square wave applied by thedriver circuit V11 to the horizontal output amplifier circuit 13 'which in turn affects the frequency kof the oscillation of the electron beam deflection wave generator as previously described, synchronizing the'g'enerator 1'0 with the information obtained at the synchronizing signal input terminals 23.

, A schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention performing the functions indicated by the arrangement outlined in Fig. 1 for use in the horizontal deflection circuitry of a television receiver is shown in Fig. 2. The driver circuit 11 comprises an electron discharge systern in the form of a vacuum tube VB, which in practive is preferably one section of a dual triode tube in the interests of space-saving and cost-reduction. Driving voltage, essentially in square wave form, is obtainedfrom the anode of ther driver tube VlB and applied to the power amplifier circuit 13 at the control grid of an electron. discharge device, preferably in the form of a pentode, vacuum tube V2. The power amplifier tube V2` is driven between .anode current cutoi and anode current saturation to produce a train of positive-going current pulses. This train of pulses is applied `to the horizontal delection yoke windings through the intermediary of deection yoke coupling apparatus 15 shown here as a ,transformer 31. This portion of the circuit is Va sub- Vstantially conventional horizontal deiiection television sweep circuit arrangement with the anode of the power amplifier tube V2 connected by way of the primary winding 33 of the horizontal output and high voltage developing yback transformeer 31, a width coil 35 and a damper tube V3 to a point of positivezdirect operating po, tential. The pulse train owing through the primary winding 33 isA induced in the secondary winding 37 across' ay portion of which the windings 39, of the deivectionY yoke are connected.V The impedance of the output transformer 3l as loaded by the deection windings 39 is matched to the output. circuit impedance of the power .amplifier tube V2. Theinductance thereby presented lthe amplifier tube. V2 controls the anode-cathode current flow to the extent that this current flow is substantially independent .of the amplitude of the voltage applied between the control grid and the cathode of the ampliier tube V2. The form of the output pulses from the amplifier tube V2 is such that a sawtooth magnetic wave is developed. across the neck of the kinescope about which the yokeris arranged. Output lpulses from the amplifier tube V2 are obtained preferably at the secondary winding 37 of the deection yoke coupling transformer 31 and Iapplied through a c urrentcontrolling network 40 comprising a pair of resistance elements 41 and 42 connected in series to the sine wave generating circuit 17' shown here inl the form of a tuned circuit having an inductor 45 and a capacitor 46. "The inductor 45 and the capacitor 46 have reactance values at which the circuit is tuned to parallel .reSQnanee at the desired deecting wave frequency, whih iS/lz-"b-'IS kc. v(flrilocyczles per second) in the example given.V Ehase adjustment is provided by means of a series-circuit cornprising a capacitor 47 and a variableV resistor .4.8, connected across the parallel resonant circuit. The :positive goinguutput pulses shock excite the sine wave generating circuit 17 to produce a potential of continuous sine waveY form across the Ytion 45m-F46. This sine waver voltage. together. with t inductor-capacitor combina` pulse train originating at the anode of the output ampli-fg er tube V2 are combined to form a resultantV whichfis, n perhaps best characterized as merely a distorted fsirie wave; the degree of distortion dcpendingupon the rela-A f tive amplitudes and phase relationships of Athetwo waves. 1

The resulting. distorted sine wave is applied by means of 'Y y tooth sweep oscillator. The only important requiremen av coupling capacitor 49 to the grid of the drivertube x s/IB. The driver tube VIB-is biased so that the tube V1B conducts only on the portions of the distorted sine -V wave of given nature-positive portions in the exampleappiiedby way of the coupling capacitor 49. The biasg' is preferably further set; so'that only the upper part of the distorted Vwave is effective in rendering the driver tube VIB conducting. The output signal waveA at the anode of the driver tube VIB is substantially a square wave 01E-widthl depending primarily uponthe phase relationship Y between the pulseV output of the amplifier tube V2 'and the sinewave generated in thesine wave. generating circuit 17. The amplitude of the output ofthe driver tube VlB is arranged to be of suiiicient magnitude to drive the output amplifier tube V213 from vbelow anode current cutoff to anode current saturation whereby VVtheVv output pulses in a positive going pulse train have fairly straight risers- The inductive loading of theoutputarrx-V f pli'fier'tube 'V2 by the detlectionwindings 39 insures a if nearly linear rate of time rise of yoke current for a wide. latitudeof wave shape at theV grid of the amplifier tube s. V2. Therefore, the linearity of the sweep thus developedl.. 7 i isvery' largely determined by the duty cycle or" the ampli-y V- fier tube V2. Thisrresult is enhanced by the capability ofl the damping tube V3 to Vreinsert energyv in conjunctionV with .the usual reactive llinearity correction element "35j commonly provided-in the horizontal defiectioncircuit:ofV television receivers and the like.r The square waveVV ata-1 plied to the grid of the amplifier tube V2 therefore proper ly defiects the beam ofa television kinescope and atthe same time offers decided advantages over theV conveny tionalsawtooth Wave applied'tof the more conventioua output tube circuit. YNormal variations in operating po#-V t'ential due to fluctuations of the A. C. power line voltage y will not aiect the linearity ofdetiection, Vthe squarci Wave applied to the control 'grid of the power amplifierVVV Y tube VZisgarrangedto hold this tube securely/l below cut'-A off during'V the negative half cycle for the l'owestjline"V voltage expected toV be encountered. The input circuit A; o fthe :power amplier tube V2 is free from the frequeny determining characteristics of the time constant at 7 gridof the power amplifier tube of the conventional .sa

with .respectlto .K .Cccmbinatous AiS that the input@ of the driver tube V1'B be arranged Vfor proper clippi i Y onthefreguency whenthe value.n of the components drift value of-the resistor `42; the stability. increasing as fthe'.v

toinsure that the ldesired degreeI of asymmetry and guiredrise time the grid wave form is obtained.' By proper choice ofthe resistance and capacitance compo ents a time. constant is obtained thaty will have little eti' t or when theitube ages. TheVY major frequency controlling. p element isthe resonant circuit2'17 comprisingthe inductor 45 andthe capacitor 46. The stability'of t'nerdeilection FO? Y argiuen'value Vof the resistor 41.,..thestability of the circuit u iscompletely 4controllable in practice by varying'` the resistance value is lowered. Theva'lue chosen depends primarily unen .thedesfired AFC .senstivity- Y Thefilrth or A.screen V grid of the pentode Yamplifier tube V2A is ar' Y ranged to have .thernfeutialtheren varied by a variable.; resistor 50 inthe Yusual manner to form the horizontal; sizey control. This size control also atects the duty cycle-'.7` of the output tube V2 because a4 variation in thescreen voltage 'variesjthevoltage atwhich the -anodecuri'entrof the particular tube under consider-ation s--cut offfffffhee service man need only adjust the size control in aligning o a televislon receiver incorporating the deflection circuitl p roper time phase relationship for ideal operation of the circuit arrangement according to the invention. These pulses shown in the curve 301 .are applied to the resonant circuit 17 to produce the sine wave shown by the curveV 30S-as being-in-phase with the pulses of the curve 301.

` Combining thetwowaves for application to the grid of the driving tube `V1B results in the wave form represented by the curve 305.` This wave form is shown as being only slightly distorted at the crest of the positive half cycles. This distortion does not affect the duty cycle of the driving wave to any extent since it is well beyond the amplitude value corresponding to anode current cutoif of the output amplifier `tub'e VZB. The curve 307 represents the wave 305 after clipping in the grid circuit ofthe driver tube V1B; the line 309 representing the cutoff voltage of the tube V1B so that the effective wave form applied to thedriver-tube V1B is substantially a square Wave. The curve 311 represents the output of the 'driver tube V1B-as applied to the grid of the amplifier tube VZ with the cutoff voltage value of this tube represented by the `line 313. The curve 301' representsan output pulse train with the pulses displaced a small amount both in p hase and frequency from the desired values. When the waveform represented by the curve 301f isY added to the sine wave form. 303 the distorted sine wave form 305 results. The `distortion is very much greater in this case than in the previous" example whereby the square wave appliedto the `grid of the driver tube V1B as shown by the-curve .4307', has a different duty cycle. These heavier dutyV cycles at the input of the driver tube V1B effects a heavier dutycycle for thesquare wave 311 at the grid offthe output amplifier tube V2. In this manner the duty cycle is adjusted to provide output pulses of greater width which on beingV combined with the sine wave out lof, the sine'wave generating circuit 17 tend to correct Y between the output pulses being of opposite sense, that is, the pulses being closer to each other rather than farther apart asinthe example above, the circuit will tend'to fall back into synchronism with the sine wave generated by the resonant circuit 17'. Y

A`5;;It is,`of course, necessary that the electron beam deflection generator vbe synchronized with the signal being transmitted by the broadcast station. The conventinal horizontal synchronizing pulses obtained ,in known manner fromthereceived signal are inverted to' form negative pulses which are combined in the comparator circuit 21' with the positive going pulses obtained from the deflection system coupling transformer 31 to result in arsignal whose peak amplitude provides a measure of 61 which'serves as the horizontal hold control in the example given. In operating arrtelevision receiver incorporating the invention this control is set so that the driver tube V1B is biased to operate at the in-phase condition, that is the condition Where theoutput pulses' are in phase with synchronizing pulses. The relationship of the synchronizing pulses to the other wave forms is shownin the curve 315 of Fig. 3. Initially the frequency of the electron beam deflection generator 10 is set by adjusting the variable inductor 45 with the horizontal hold control 61 in the central position and a l0 microfaradV capacitor temporarily connected between the point P1 and ground to disable the AFC system. Upon removal of the capacitor, the sweep will lock automatically in the correct phase. The principles of operationV of the system according to the irnvention may be readily extended if higher power is required. Two or more output g power amplifier' tubes may be operated in parallel with the necessary appropriate changes in the output circuit. Possibly an adjustment of the feedback amplitude across the current controlling resistor 41 may then be necessary. Should yoke pulses of negative polarity be desired, a

properly damped and'polarized feedback winding may' be provided on the output transformer 31 to furnish regenerative feedback and AFC ph'ase information, or positive going horizontal synchronizing pulses may be compared with the negative output pulses. The proper amount of feedback is controllable in every case by proper choice .of the resistance values of the current controlling resistors 41V and 42. If it should be necessary to change these resistors, it is necessary to verify that synchronizing pulse injection to the oscillator is negligible. This is done by grounding the point P1 and tuning J the oscillator to the correct frequency and determining the relative timing of these two wave forms. This signal is applied to the input circuit of an electron discharge structure in the form of a vacuum tube VIA. The resistor 51, the resistor 52, and the capacitor 53 constitute `a shaping and a dividing network from which the timing wave form is applied across the coupling capacitor 54 to the control grid of the AFC control tube V1A which runs at self-bias across the resistor 55, the bias being the absence of any tendency to lock.

In one arrangement tried out in practice the circuit arrangement according to the invention was used as a horizontal deflection wave generator in a television receiver. The oscillator circuit was tuned'toV a frequency of 15.75 kc. With this circuit a phase sensitivity on the order of one microsecond was obtained, the noise performance was equal to that of the conventional synchroguide AFC system, and a substantial power saving and savings in component parts was effected. o

In the tested arrangement the following component parts values were used.

Reference No. Component Value -AFC and Driver Tubes Amplifier Tube Damper Tube f Resistor 2.7 megohms.

4.7 kilohms. 8-12 millienries. Capacitor 1200 mmfd. ..-do 120 mmf. 48 Variable Re i tnv 100 kilohms. 49 Capacitor 220 mfd. 50 Size Control Resistor 8-18 kilohms. 51. Resistor 8.2 megohms. 52 dn 10 kilohms. 53 Capacitor 100 mmfd. do 820 mmfd.

470 kilohms. kilohms. do 330 ohms. Capacitor 0.03 mfd. 59 0 0.5 mfd. 61 Hold Control Resistor 39H40 kllohms.

assu-:aa

The power supply used delivered 2 50 volts positive at thev points marked (f-lf) Ain the drawing and 120 volts negative at .the points marked 'in 4the drawing both with respect to ground.` It is understood tha-'tl other values will besuggested to those skilled in the art for other applications of the invention.

The invention claimed is:

l. In a deflection wave generating system for delivering deflection power to a cathode ray deflection yoke requiring an operating current waveform which is substantially sawtooth in character and of a predetermined recurrence frequency, said operating current waveform defining a sweep interval and a tlyback interval, the combination of: an output ampliendevice having a limited linear signal transfer range,`an input circuit and an output circuit, said output circuit being arranged for connection to a cathodefray dellectionfyoke, said output circuit including parameters which present a predominantly inductive load to said amplifier device when said ampliiier device is delivering sawtooth type output current to a deflection yoke; means coupled with said output circuit for extracting therefrom a pulsed waveform corresponding Vto the flyback interval of the operating current waveform required by said deflection yoke; a tuned circuit resonant to a frequency substantially equal tothe nominal recurrence frequency of the required operating current; means including an vimpedance Iriixingnetwork for applying said extracted pulse waveform to said tuned circuit to excite resonant sine wave ringing therenand the production of a resultant sine wave voltage thereacross to develop a composite signal representingv the addition of said sine wave voltage and said pulsed waveform s uch that said composite signal lincludes, the. proper.

proportions of both said sine wave voltage pulsed waveform to provide a waveform characteristic for` said composite signal which has a iiattened extremity in one polarity direction and a rounded extremity in the other polarity direction; apparatus for inverting the phaseof anelectrical signal and clipping one polarity excursion thereof, said apparatus having linput terminals and output terminals; means operatively coupling said composite signal to said inverting and clipping apparatus for clipping the rounded extremity of said composite signal to produce at said output terminal a driving signal havingy a substantially clipped square wave excursion in one polarity direction with said `substantially flattened extremity extending in the other polarity direction; and means operatively coupling the output terminals of said inverting and clipping apparatus to the input circuit of said output amplifier device with such amplitude and Velettrical sense as to regeneratively drive said amplifier device'beyond its linear operatingsignal transfer range to produce a selfsustained oscillation in said amplifier device.

2. ln a deflection wave generating system for driving a cathode ray beam dellection yoke with a'deflection signal of predetermined periodicity, the combination of: an amplifier device having a limited linear Vsignal transfer range and having input circuit means and output'circuit means said output circuit means being arranged for the operative driving of a cathode ray beam deflection yoke; means included in said output` circuit means for developing a pulsed tlyback waveform; upon the driving of'said deflection yoke with periodically, recurrent deflection signal's; l@tuned circuit resonant at a frequency corresponding to the predetermined periodicity of th'e'deflection vsi'gnal; impedance means operatively' coupling said'tuned circuit to said output circuit means for exciting said tuned circuit with said llyback waveform to produce a ringing signal which is additively combined with said flyback waveform to produce a composite waveform having a attened'extremity in one polarity excursion thereof and a rounded extremity in the other polarity excursion thereof; means regeneratively coupling said composite waveform to the input circuit of said amplifier to produce oscillation in said amplifier circuit at the resonant frequencyof said tuned circuit; signal clipping means operatively included in said regenerative coupling means for clipping the rounded portion of said composite waveform to convert said rounded portion into a substantially square Waveform; and means included in the input and output circuits of said amplifier device for causing said amplifier device to be driven well beyond said linear signal transfer range with an yeffective driving signal corresponding to said clipped composite waveform.

3. In a deflection wave generating system for driving a cathode ray deflection yoke with a sawtooth signal of a predetermined frequency and having a sweep portion and a flyback portion,`the combination of an amplifier device having an input circuit for accepting a driving signal and an output circuit, said output'circuit including means for operatively coupling signals delivered by said amplifying device to a cathode ray beam deflection yoke; means coupled with said output circuit for deriving a pulsed waveform corresponding to the flyback portion of said sawtooth signal; a resonant circuit tuned to the predetermined frequency of said sawtooth signal; impedance means couplingv said pulsed waveform deriving means to said resonant circuit for developing a composite waveform representing the addition of a sine wave produced by electrical ringing of said resonant circuit and a pulse train corresponding to said pulsed waveform, the addition of said sine wave pulse train rendering lsaid composite waveform substantially flattened in one polarity excursion and substantially rounded in its other polarity 'excursion; means coupling said impedance means to the input circuit of said amplifier device for driving said amplilier device with said composite waveform and with such electrical sense and amplitude as to produce regenerative oscillation in said amplifier device with said composite waveform acting as a driving signal for said amplier with an amplitude driving said amplifier well beyond its linear ampl'ication range; and signal limiting means included in said last named means for attening the substantially rounded extremity of said composite waveform during the driving'of said' amplifier device by said composite waveform.

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